Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION 7

THE SWEDISH STANDARD 10

A bottom-up approach 10

An educated and interested population 11

Research, training and exercises 11

A rights-based approach 13

From transparency to deterrence 13

Going international 14

THE CANADIAN PREPAREDNESS 15

Protecting elections : the example of the 2019 federal election 15

Foreign affairs at the centre of a network 17

An open, civil-society-oriented approach 18

THE BRITISH PRODUCTIVITY 19

A formidable network of pockets of expertise 19

The example of countering COVID-related disinformation 20

A rights-based approach 22

THE FRENCH LIGHT FOOTPRINT 23

The 2017 experience 23

The 2018 momentum 24

An inclusive approach, civil society oriented 25

The 2021 turn 26

GENERAL LESSONS 28

AUTHOR